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Abstract Introduction Immobilization in a hip spica cast is required in surgical and nonsurgical treatments for children aged three months to four years diagnosed with developmental dysplasia of the hip. Skin complications are associated with the use of the spica cast in 30% of the cases. This research explores the use of photogrammetry and rapid prototyping for the production of a lighter, shower friendly and hygienic hip orthosis that could replace the hip spica cast. Methods Digitalized data of a plastic dool was used for design and fabrication of a customised hip orthosis following four steps: 1) Digitalization of the external anatomical structure by photogrammetry using a smartphone and open source software; 2) Idealization and 3D modeling of the hip orthosis; 3) Rapid prototyping of a low cost orthosis in polymer polylact acid; 4) Evaluation tests. Results Photogrammetry provided a good 3D reconstruction of the dool's hip and legs. The manufacture method to produce the hip orthosis was accurate in fitting the hip orthosis to the contours of the doll. The orthosis could be easily placed on the doll ensuring mechanical strength to immobilize the region of the hip. Conclusion A new approach and the feasibility of both techniques for hip orthosis fabrication were described. It represents an exciting advance for the development of hip orthosis that could be used in orthopedics. To test the effectiveness of this orthosis for developmental dysplasia of the hip treatment in newborns, material and mechanical tests, design optimization and physical tests with patients should be carried.
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Abstract Introduction: This work concerns the assessment of a novel system for mechanical ventilation and a parameter estimation method in a bench test. The tested system was based on a commercial mechanical ventilator and a personal computer. A computational routine was developed do drive the mechanical ventilator and a parameter estimation method was utilized to estimate positive end-expiratory pressure, resistance and compliance of the artificial respiratory system. Methods The computational routine was responsible for establishing connections between devices and controlling them. Parameters such as tidal volume, respiratory rate and others can be set for standard and noisy ventilation regimes. Ventilation tests were performed directly varying parameters in the system. Readings from a calibrated measuring device were the basis for analysis. Adopting a first-order linear model, the parameters could be estimated and the outcomes statistically analysed. Results Data acquisition was effective in terms of sample frequency and low noise content. After filtering, cycle detection and estimation took place. Statistics of median, mean and standard deviation were calculated, showing consistent matching with adjusted values. Changes in positive end-expiratory pressure statistically imply changes in compliance, but not the opposite. Conclusion The developed system was satisfactory in terms of clinical parameters. Statistics exhibited consistent relations between adjusted and estimated values, besides precision of the measurements. The system is expected to be used in animals, with a view to better understand the benefits of noisy ventilation, by evaluating the estimated parameters and performing cross relations among blood gas, ultrasonography and electrical impedance tomography.
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OBJECTIVES: Aiming to improve the anatomical resolution of electrical impedance tomography images, we developed a fuzzy model based on electrical impedance tomography's high temporal resolution and on the functional pulmonary signals of perfusion and ventilation. INTRODUCTION: Electrical impedance tomography images carry information about both ventilation and perfusion. However, these images are difficult to interpret because of insufficient anatomical resolution, such that it becomes almost impossible to distinguish the heart from the lungs. METHODS: Electrical impedance tomography data from an experimental animal model were collected during normal ventilation and apnea while an injection of hypertonic saline was administered. The fuzzy model was elaborated in three parts: a modeling of the heart, the pulmonary ventilation map and the pulmonary perfusion map. Image segmentation was performed using a threshold method, and a ventilation/perfusion map was generated. RESULTS: Electrical impedance tomography images treated by the fuzzy model were compared with the hypertonic saline injection method and computed tomography scan images, presenting good results. The average accuracy index was 0.80 when comparing the fuzzy modeled lung maps and the computed tomography scan lung mask. The average ROC curve area comparing a saline injection image and a fuzzy modeled pulmonary perfusion image was 0.77. DISCUSSION: The innovative aspects of our work are the use of temporal information for the delineation of the heart structure and the use of two pulmonary functions for lung structure delineation. However, robustness of the method should be tested for the imaging of abnormal lung conditions. CONCLUSIONS: These results showed the adequacy of the fuzzy approach in treating the anatomical resolution uncertainties in electrical impedance tomography images.
Subject(s)
Animals , Electric Impedance , Fuzzy Logic , Lung , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods , Models, Biological , Positive-Pressure Respiration , Pulmonary Circulation/physiology , SwineABSTRACT
A Tomografia de Impedância Elétrica (TIE) é um método de imagem que está sendo desenvolvido para uso em medicina, especialmente na terapia intensiva. Visando uma melhoria da resolução anatômica das imagens de TIE, foi desenvolvido um modelo fuzzy que leva em consideração a alta resolução temporal e as informações funcionais, contidas nos sinais de perfusão pulmonar e ventilação pulmonar. Foram elaborados três modelos fuzzy: modelagem fuzzy do mapa cardíaco, do mapa de ventilação pulmonar e do mapa de perfusão pulmonar. Um mapa comparativo de ventilação e perfusão foi gerado através de uma segmentação das imagens, segundo notas de corte sobre os valores dos pixels. As imagens de perfusão fuzzy foram comparadas com as imagens de perfusão obtidas pelo método de injeção de uma solução hipertônica, considerada como padrão-ouro das imagens de perfusão. O desempenho do modelo foi avaliado através da análise das imagens de TIE obtidas em experimentos animais com treze porcos. Os animais foram submetidos a diferentes condições fisiológicas através de lesão pulmonar, recrutamento pulmonar e intubação seletiva. O modelo global foi capaz de identificar a região cardíaca e pulmonar em todos os porcos, independentemente das condições fisiológicas a que foram submetidos. Os resultados foram bastante expressivos tanto em termos qualitativos (a imagem obtida pelo modelo foi bastante similar a da tomografia computadorizada) quanto em termos quantitativos (a área média da curva ROC foi de 0,84). Os resultados do estudo poderão servir de base para o desenvolvimento de ferramentas clínicas, baseadas em TIE, para diagnósticos de algumas patologias e situações críticas, tais como distúrbio entre ventilação e perfusão, pneumotórax e tromboembolismo pulmonar.
Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is an image method that has been developed for use in medicine, specially in critical care medicine. Aiming at improving the anatomical resolution of EIT images a fuzzy model was developed based on EIT high temporal resolution and the functional information contained in the pulmonary perfusion and ventilation signals. Fuzzy models were elaborated for heart map modeling, ventilation and perfusion map modeling. Image segmentation was performed using a threshold method and a ventilation/perfusion map was generated. Fuzzy EIT perfusion map was compared with the hypertonic saline injection method, considered as the gold-standard for EIT perfusion image. The model performance was evaluated through analysis of EIT images obtained from animal experiment with thirteen pigs. The animals were submitted to different physiological conditions, such as ventilation induced lung injury, selective intubations and lung recruitment maneuver. The global model was able to identify both the cardiac and pulmonary regions in all animals. The results were expressive for both qualitative (the image obtained by the model was very similar to that of the CT-scan) and quantitative (the ROC curve area average was 0.84) analysis. These achievements could serve as the base to develop EIT diagnosis system for some critical diseases, such as ventilation to perfusion mismatch, pneumothorax and pulmonary thromboembolism.